André Vander Vorst & Arye Rosen 
RF / Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues 

From engineering fundamentals to cutting-edge clinical
applications

This book examines the biological effects of RF/microwaves and
their medical applications. Readers will discover new developments
in therapeutic applications in such areas as cardiology, urology,
surgery, ophthalmology, and oncology. The authors also present
developing applications in such areas as cancer detection and organ
imaging.

Focusing on frequency ranges from 100 k Hz to 10 GHz, RF/Microwave
Interaction with Biological Tissues is divided into six
chapters:

* Fundamentals in Electromagnetics–examines penetration of
RF/microwaves into biological tissues; skin effect; relaxation
effects in materials and the Cole-Cole model (display); the near
field of an antenna; blackbody radiation and the various associated
laws; and microwave measurements.

* RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological
Materials–includes a section devoted to the fundamentals of
thermodynamics and a discussion on energy and entropy.

* Biological Effects–investigates the effects of radio frequency
fields on the nervous system, the brain and spinal cord, the
blood-brain barrier, and cells and membranes.

* Thermal Therapy–includes a description of applicators and an
extensive discussion on the foundation of dielectric heating and
inductive heating.

* EM-Wave Absorbers Protecting the Biological and Medical
Environment–investigates materials for EM-wave absorbers from both
a theoretical and applications perspective. Special attention is
given to ferrite absorbers.

* RF/Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic
Applications–begins with the fundamental features of major
components used in RF/microwave delivery systems for therapeutic
applications. New research towards the development of future
measurement techniques is also presented.

The book features problem sets at the end of each chapter, making
it an excellent introduction for bioengineering and engineering
students. Researchers, physicians, and technicians in the field
will also find this an excellent reference that offers all the
fundamentals, the most cutting-edge applications, and insight into
future developments.

An Instructor’s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the
problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial
department.

Table of Content

Preface.

Introduction.

1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics.

1.1 RF and Microwave Frequency Ranges.

1.2 Fields.

1.3 Electromagnetics.

1.4 RF and Microwave Energy.

1.5 Penetration in Biological Tissues and Skin Effect.

1.6 Relaxation, Resonance, and Display.

1.7 Dielectric Measurements.

1.8 Exposure.

References.

Problems.

2 RF/Microwave Interaction Mechanisms in Biological
Materials.

2.1 Bioelectricity.

2.2 Tissue Characterization.

2.3 Thermodynamics.

2.4 Energy.

References.

Problems.

3 Biological Effects.

3.1 Absorption.

3.2 Nervous System.

3.3 Cells and Membranes.

3.4 Molecular Level.

3.5 Low-Level Exposure and ELF Components.

3.6 Ear, Eye, and Heart.

3.7 Influence of Drugs.

3.8 Nonthermal, Microthermal, and Isothermal Effects.

3.9 Epidemiology Studies.

3.10 Interferences.

3.11 Radiation Hazards and Exposure Standards.

References.

Problems 150

4 Thermal Therapy.

4.1 Introduction to Thermotherapy.

4.2 Heating Principle.

4.3 Hyperthermia.

4.4 Method of Thermometry.

References.

Problems.

5 EM Wave Absorbers Protecting Biological and Medical
Environment.

5.1 Foundation of EM Wave Absorbers.

5.2 Classification of Wave Absorbers.

5.3 Fundamental Principle.

5.4 Fundamental Theory of EM Wave Absorbers.

5.5 Application of EM Absorber.

5.6 EM Wave Absorbers Based on Equivalent Transformation Method
of Material Constant.

5.7 Method for Improving RF Field Distribution in a Small
Room.

References.

Problems.

6 RF/Microwave Delivery Systems for Therapeutic
Applications.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Transmission Lines and Waveguides for Medical
Applications.

6.3 Antennas.

6.4 RF and Microwave Ablation.

6.5 Perfusion Chamber.

6.6 RF Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

6.7 Endometrial Ablation.

6.8 Microwave Measurement Techniques: Examples.

6.9 Future Research.

References.

Problems.

Index.

About the author

ANDRÉ VANDER VORST, Ph D, is Professor Emeritus,
Université catholique de Louvain (UCL). He has been a member
of various committees on communications, microwaves, and education,
including the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S)
and the European Microwave Conferences. Professor Vander Vorst has
authored or coauthored six books, several chapters, and more than
three hundred scientific and technical papers published in
international journals and proceedings of international
conferences. He received the IEEE MTT-S Microwave Career Award in
2004.

ARYE ROSEN, Ph D, is Academy Professor of Biomedical and
Electrical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science
and Health Systems, Drexel University. He is also Director of the
Pediatric Engineering Program at Drexel, and cofounder of the
Medical Technology Center for Infants and Children at St. Peter’s
University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey. The recipient of
the IEEE MTT-S 2000 Microwave Application Award for the Application
of RF/Microwave Techniques in Medicine, he is the coeditor of two
books, including New Frontiers in Medical Device Technology
(Wiley), and is additionally author or coauthor of seven book
chapters and over 200 technical papers in the fields of engineering
and medicine.

YOUJI KOTSUKA, Dr.Eng, is Professor at Tokai University in
Japan. Among his many honors, he was chair of the committees on
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves in the Institute of
Electrical Engineering of Japan. He was a chair of EMCJ in the
Institute of Electronics Information and Communication Engineering.
Professor Kotsuka is also the author of four other books.