Mark A. Fogel 
Principles and Practice of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Congenital Heart Disease 
Form, Function and Flow

CMR is a powerful tool in the armamentarium of pediatric
cardiology and health care workers caring for patients with
congenital heart disease (CHD), but a successful study still
presents major technical and clinical challenges. This text was
created to give trainees, practitioners, allied professionals, and
researchers a repository of dependable information and images to
base their use of CMR on.

Because CHD presents an intricate web of connections and
associations that need to be deciphered, the imager performing CMR
needs to understand not only anatomy, physiology, function, and
surgery for CHD, but also the technical aspects of imaging. Written
by experts from the world’s leading institutions, many of
whom pioneered the techniques and strategies described, the text is
organized in a logical way to provide a complete understanding of
the issues involved. It is divided into three main parts:

* The Basics of CMR – familiarizes the reader with the minimum
tools needed to understand the basics, such as evaluating
morphology, ventricular function, and utilizing contrast
agents

* CMR of Congenital and Acquired Pediatric Heart Disease –
discusses broad categories of CHD and the use of CMR in specific
disease states

* Special Topics in Pediatric Cardiac MR – covers other important
areas such as the complementary role of CT scanning, interventional
CMR, the role of the technologist in performing a CMR exam, and
more

With the ever increasing sophistication of technology, more can
be done with CMR in a high quality manner in a shorter period of
time than had been imagined as recently as just a few years ago.
Principles and Practice of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in
Congenital Heart Disease: Form, Function, and Flow makes a
major contribution to applying these techniques to improved patient
care. An ideal introduction for the novice or just the curious,
this reference will be equally useful to the seasoned practitioner
who wants to keep pace with developments in the field and would
like a repository of information and images readily availalble.

Table of Content

List of contributors, vii

Foreword, x

Preface, xi

Part I: The basics of cardiac MR

1 Physics of cardiac MR and image formation, 3

Orlando P Simonetti and Georgeta Mihai

2 Technical aspects of pediatric cardiac MR, 17

Christopher Occleshaw

3 Assessment of morphology, 33

John C Wood

4 Assessment of ventricular function and blood fl ow, 51

Mark A Fogel

5 Contrast cardiac MR – anatomy, physiology, viability and
perfusion, 75

Scott D Flamm

Part II: Cardiac MR of congenital and acquired pediatric
heart disease

6 The normal cardiac magnetic resonance examination –
ruling out congenital heart disease, 93

Matthew Harris and Mark A Fogel

7 Abnormalities of the atria and systemic veins, 110

Tiffanie R Johnson and Mark A Fogel

8 Abnormalities of the ventricles and pericardium, 124

Beth F Printz

9 MRI in conotruncal anomalies (except tetralogy of Fallot),
155

Willem A Helbing and Adriaan Moelker

10 Tetralogy of Fallot: morphology and function, 172

Arno AW Roest, Lucia JM Kroft and Albert de Roos

11 Aortic arch anomalies, 183

Paul M Weinberg and Kevin K Whitehead

12 MR assessment of pulmonary circulation, 209

Shi-Joon Yoo and Lars Grosse-Wortmann

13 Valvular heart disease, 236

Juha Koskenvuo, Karen G Ordovás and Charles B
Higgins

14 Imaging coronary arteries in children, 250

Gerald F Greil, Rene M Botnar and Taylor Chung

15 Other complex congenital heart disease – heterotaxy,
complex spatial relationships, conjoined twins and ectopia cordis,
265

Rajesh Krishnamurthy and Taylor Chung

Part III: Special topics in cardiac MR of pediatric and
congenital heart disease

16 Cardiac magnetic resonance of single ventricles, 289

Mark A Fogel

17 Baffl es and conduits, 316

Philipp Beerbaum, Israel Valverde, Gerald F Greil and Sonya V
Babu-Narayan

18 Cardiac tumors, 345

Ashwin Prakash

19 Considerations in the post-operative patient, 354

G Wesley Vick III

20 Interventional magnetic resonance imaging, 382

Gerald F Greil, Sanjeet Hegde, Kawal Rhode, Carsten Schirra,
Philipp Beerbaum and Reza Razavi

21 Adult congenital heart disease, 398

Victor A Ferrari and Alexander R Opotowsky

22 Cardiovascular computed tomographic angiography:
complementary role to magnetic resonance imaging, 414

Jeffrey C Hellinger and Stephen C Cook

23 Radiation in cardiac imaging in congenital heart disease,
429

Mark A Fogel

24 Pediatric cardiovascular MRI in the outpatient private
practice setting, 440

Nancy L Morris and Edward T Martin

25 The role of the technologist in performing a cardiac MRI
(CMR) exam, 444

Christine Harris

Index, 450

About the author

Mark Fogel MD, FACC, FAAP

Associate Professor of Pediatric Cardiology and Radiology

Director of Cardiac MR

University of PA School of Medicine/The Children’s Hospital
of Philadelphia