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William James 
The Principles of Psychology, Vol. 2 

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This is the first inexpensive edition of the complete Long Course in Principles of Psychology, one of the great classics of modern Western literature and science and the source of the ripest thoughts of America’s most important philosopher. As such, it should not be confused with the many abridgements that omit key sections.

The book presents lucid descriptions of human mental activity, with detailed considerations of the stream of thought, consciousness, time perception, memory, imagination, emotions, reason, abnormal phenomena, and similar topics. In its course it takes into account the work of Berkeley, Binet, Bradley, Darwin, Descartes, Fechner, Galton, Green, Helmholtz, Herbart, Hume, Janet, Kant, Lange, Lotze, Locke, Mill, Royce, Schopenhauer, Spinoza, Wundt, and scores of others. It examines contrasting interpretations of mental phenomena, treating introspective analysis, philosophical interpretations, and experimental research.

Although the book originally appeared nearly 75 years ago, it remains unsurpassed today as a brilliantly written survey of William James’ timeless view of psychology.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

CHAPTER XVII. SENSATION

Its distinction from perception

Its cognitive function-acquaintance with qualities

No pure sensations after the first days of life

The ‚relativity of knowledge‘

The law of contrast

The psychological and the physiological theories of it

Hering’s experiments

The ‚eccentric projection‘ of sensations



CHAPTER XVIII. IMAGINATION

Our images are usually vague

Vague images not necessarily general notions

Individuals differ in imagination ; Galton’s researches

The ‚visile‘ type

The ‚audile‘ type

The ‚motile‘ type

Tactile images

The neural process of imagination

Its relations to that of sensation

CHAPTER XIX. THE PERCEPTION OF ‚THINGS‘

Perception and sensation

Perception is of definite and probable things

‚Illusions;-of the first type, -of the second type‘

‚The neural process in perception, ‚Apperception“

Is perception an uncouscious inference?

Hallucinations

The neural process in hallucination

Binet’s theory

Perception-time‘

CHAPTER XX. THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE

The feeling of crude extensity

The perception of spatial order

Space-‚relations‘

The meaning of localization

Local signs‘

The construction of ‚real‘ space

The subdivision of the original sense-spaces

The sensation of motion over surfaces

The measurement of the sense-spaces by each other

Their summation

Feelings of movement in joints

Feelings of muscular contraction

Summary so far

How the blind perceive space

Visual space

Helmholtz and Reid on the test of a sensation

The theory of identical points

The theory of projection

‚Ambiguity of retinal impressions, -of eye-movements‘

The choice of the visual reality

Sensations which we ignore

Sensations which seem suppressed

Discussion of Wundt’s and Helmholtz’s reasons for denying that retinal sensations are of extension

Summary

Historical remarks

CHAPTER XXI. THE PERCEPTION OF REALITY

Belief and its opposites

The various orders of reality

Practical‘ realities

The sense of our own bodily existence is the nucleus of all reality

The paramount reality of sensations

The influence of emotion and active impulse on belief

Belief in theories

Doubt

Relations of belief and will

CHAPTER XXII. REASONING

Recepts‘

‚In reasoning, we pick out essential qualities‘

What is meant by a mode of conceiving

What is involved in the existence of general propositions

The two factors of reasoning

Sagacity

The part played by association by similarity

The intellectual contrast between brute and man: association by similarity the fundamental human distinction

Different orders of human genius

CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRODUCTION OF MOVEMENT

The diffusive wave

Every sensation produces reflex effects on the whole organism

CHAPTER XXIV. INSTINCT

Its definition

Instincts not always blind or invariable

Two principles of non-uniformity in instincts:

1) Their inhibition by habits

2) Their transitoriness

Man has more instincts than any other mammal

Reflex impulses

Imitation

Emulation

Pugnacity

Sympathy

The hunting instinct

Fear

Acquisitiveness

Constructiveness

Play

Curiosity

Sociability and shyness

Secretiveness

Cleanliness

Shame

Love

Maternal love

CHAPTER XXV. THE EMOTIONS

Instinctive reaction and emotional expression shade imperceptibly into each other

The expression of grief; of fear; of hatred

‚Emotion is a consequence, not the cause, of the bodily expression‘

Difficulty of testing this view

Objections to it discussed

The subtler emotions

No special brain-centres for emotion

Emotional differences between individuals

The genesis of the various emotions

CHAPTER XXVI. WILL

Voluntary movements: they presuppose a memory of involuntary movements

Kinæsthetic impressions

No need to assume feelings of innervation

The ‚mental cue‘ for a movement may be an image of its visual or auditory effects as well as an image of the way it feels

Ideo motor action

Action after deliberation

Five types of decision

The feeling of effort

Unhealthiness of will:

1) The explosive type

2) The obstructed type

Pleasure and pain are not othe only springs of action

All consciousness is impulsive

What we will depends on what idea dominates in our mind

The idea’s outward effects follow from the cerebral machinery

Effort of attention to a naturally repugnant idea is the essential feature of willing

The free-will controversy

‚Psychology, as a science, can safely postulate determinism, even if free-will be true‘

The education of the Will

Hypothetical brain-schemes

CHAPTER XXVII. HYPNOTISM

Modes of operating and susceptibility

Theories about the hypnotic state

The symptoms of the trance

CHAPTER XXVIII. NECESSARY TRUTHS AND THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE

Programme of the chapter

Elementary feelings are innate

The question refers to their combinations

What is meant by ‚experience‘

Spencer on ancestral experience

Two ways in which new cerebral structure arises: the ‚back-door‘ and the ‚front-door‘ way

The genesis of the natural sciences

Scientific conceptions arise as accidental variations

The genesis of the pure sciences

Series of evenly increasing terms

The principle of mediate comparison

That of skipped intermediaries

Classification

Predication

Formal logic

Mathematical propositions

Arithmetic

Geometry

Our doctrine is the same as Locke’s

Relations of ideas v. couplings of things

The natural sciences are inward ideal schemes with which the order of nature proves congruent

Metaphysical principles are properly only postulates

Æsthetic and moral principles are quite incongruent with the order of nature

Summary of what precedes

The origin of instincts

Insufficiency of proof for the transmission to the next generation of acquired habits

Weismann’s views

Conclusion

Sprache Englisch ● Format EPUB ● Seiten 720 ● ISBN 9780486130972 ● Dateigröße 1.8 MB ● Verlag Dover Publications ● Erscheinungsjahr 2012 ● herunterladbar 24 Monate ● Währung EUR ● ID 5270926 ● Kopierschutz Adobe DRM
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