Christoph A. Reinhardt 
Alternatives to Animal Testing 
New Ways in the Biomedical Sciences, Trends and Progress

Opinion leaders in science and politics examine findings and legislation in alternatives to animal testing!

Refine, reduce, replace – These are the three demands that scientists have placed upon themselves in their search for alternatives to animal testing. Indeed much interdisciplinary research is being carried on today, and new fields have emerged, such as in-vitro toxicology.

The three R’s call for new scientific insights. Moreover, validation and acceptance strategies have to be adapted, a process of much ongoing interest and vital concern to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Researchers need to know exactly what has been achieved and accepted in alternatives to animal testing in science and politics. In this book they have the opportunity to benefit from the knowledge and expertise of leading researchers and influential representatives of national and international regulatory authorities.

Table of Content

From the Contents:
Looking Back 33 Years to Russell and Burch/ The OECD and International Regulatory Acceptance of the Three Rs/ The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)/ A Timetable for Replacing, Reducing and Refining Animal Use with the Help of in Vitro Tests/ The Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME)/ Animal Use and Alternatives/ The RIVM Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing and the Concept of the Three Rs in the Quality Control of Vaccines/ ZEBET/ Reviewed Literature Databank for Alternatives to Animal Experiments/ The SIAT Research, Teaching and Consulting Program in the Area of in Vitro Toxicology/ Computer-Aided Drug Design and the Three Rs/ Computer-Aided Programs in Biomedical Education/ Alternatives to Experiments with Animals in Medical Education/ Replacement of Laboratory Animals in the Management of Blood-Sucking Arthropods/ Maintenance of Filarial Cycles in the Laboratory/ Improved Drug Metabolizing Capacity of Hepatocytes Co-Cultured with Epithelial Cells and Maintained in a Perifusion System/ Characterization and Use of Long-Term Liver Cultures to Evaluate the Toxicity of Cyclophosphamide or Benzene to Bone Marrow Cultures/ European Interlaboratory Evaluation of an in Vitro Ocular Irritation Model (Skin 2TM Model ZK1100) Using 18 Chemicals and Formulated Products/ Cellular Assays for Testing Peritoneal Dialysis Bags/ The Position of the Authorities