Graham Bird 
A Companion to Kant 

This Companion provides an authoritative survey of the whole
range of Kant’s work, giving readers an idea of its immense
scope, its extraordinary achievement, and its continuing ability to
generate philosophical interest.

* Written by an international cast of scholars

* Covers all the major works of the critical philosophy, as well
as the pre-critical works

* Subjects covered range from mathematics and philosophy of
science, through epistemology and metaphysics, to moral and
political philosophy

Table of Content

Notes on Contributors viii

Acknowledgments xii

References to Kant’s Works xiii

General Introduction 1

Graham Bird

1 Kant’s Life and Works 10

Allen W. Wood

Part I: Pre-Critical Issues 31

2 Kant’s Early Dynamics 33

Martin Schönfeld

3 Kant’s Early Cosmology 47

Martin Schönfeld

4 Kant’s Laboratory of Ideas in the 1770s 63

Alison Laywine

5 Kant’s Debt to Leibniz 79

Predrag Cicovacki

6 Kant’s Debt to the British Empiricists 93

Wayne Waxman

Part II: Critique of Pure Reason 109

7 Kant’s Transcendental Idealism 111

Henry E. Allison

8 Kant’s Analytic Apparatus 125

Graham Bird

9 Kant’s Transcendental Aesthetic 140

Lorne Falkenstein

10 Kant’s Metaphysical and Transcendental Deductions
154

Derk Pereboom

11 The Second Analogy 169

Arthur Melnick

12 Kant’s Refutation of Problematic Idealism: Kantian
Arguments and Kant’s Arguments against Skepticism 182

Wolfgang Carl

13 The Logic of Illusion and the Antinomies 192

Michelle Grier

14 The Critique of Rational Psychology 207

Udo Thiel

15 Kant’s Philosophy of Mathematics 222

Gordon Brittan

16 Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science 236

Michael Friedman

Part III: The Moral Philosophy: Pure and Applied 249

Introduction 251

Graham Bird

17 The Primacy of Practical Reason 259

Sebastian Gardner

18 Kant’s Critical Account of Freedom 275

Andrews Reath

19 Kant’s Formulations of the Moral Law 291

Allen W. Wood

20 Deriving the Formula of Universal Law 308

Samuel J. Kerstein

21 Moral Motivation in Kant 322

Philip Stratton-Lake

22 Moral Paragons and the Metaphysics of Morals 335

Marcia Baron

23 Applying Kant’s Ethics: The Role of Anthropology
350

Robert B. Louden

24 Liberty, Equality, and Independence: Core Concepts in
Kant’s Political Philosophy 364

Howard Williams

25 Reason and Nature: Kant’s Teleological Argument in
Perpetual Peace 383

Katrin Flikschuh

Part IV: The Critique of the Power of Judgment 397

Introduction 399

Graham Bird

26 The Demands of Systematicity: Rational Judgment and the
Structure of Nature 408

Paul Abela

27 Bridging the Gulf: Kant’s Project in the Third Critique
423

Paul Guyer

28 Kant’s Aesthetic Theory 441

Anthony Savile

29 Kant’s Biological Teleology and its Philosophical
Significance 455

Hannah Ginsborg

Part V: Kant’s Influence 471

30 Hegel’s Critique of Kant: An Overview 473

Sally Sedgwick

31 The Neglected Alternative: Trendelenburg, Fischer, and Kant
486

Graham Bird

32 Phenomenological Interpretations of Kant in Husserl and
Heidegger 500

Paul Gorner

33 Conceptual Connections: Kant and the Twentieth-Century
Analytic Tradition 513

James O’Shea

Index 527

About the author

Graham Bird is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Manchester, and Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Liverpool. He has been a leading Kant scholar for nearly 40 years, and is the author of Kant’s Theory of Knowledge (1962), Philosophical Tasks (1972), and William James (1986), and Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason (2006). He is a past president of the Aristotelian Society and Chair of the UK Kant Society.