Mireille Hildebrandt & Serge Gutwirth 
Profiling the European Citizen 
Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives

In the eyes of many, one of the most challenging problems of the information society is that we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information. Selection of the relevant bits of information seems to become more important than the retrieval of data as such: the information is all out there, but what it means and how we should act on it may be one of the big questions of the 21st century. If an information society is a society with an exponential proliferation of data, a knowledge society must be the one that has learned how to cope with this. Profiling technologies seem to be one of the most promising technological means to create order in the chaos of proliferating data. In this volume a multi-focal view will be developed to focus upon what profiling is, where it is applied and what may be the impact on democracy and rule of law. The book is the result of research conducted within the framework of the FIDIS (Future of Identity of Information Society) No E (Network of Excellence).

Table of Content

What is Profiling?.- General Introduction and Overview.- Defining Profiling: A New Type of Knowledge?.- General Description of the Process of Behavioural Profiling.- The Role of Algorithms in Profiling.- Behavioural Biometric Profiling and Ambient Intelligence.- Personalisation and its Influence on Identities, Behaviour and Social Values.- Applications of Profiling.- Biometric Profiling: Opportunities and Risks.- Profiling and Location-Based Services (LBS).- Collecting Data for the Profiling of Web Users.- User Profiling for Attention Support at School and Work.- Profiling of Customers and Consumers – Customer Loyalty Programmes and Scoring Practices.- Profiling in Employment Situations (Fraud).- Profiling, Democracy and Rule of Law.- Cogitas, Ergo Sum. The Role of Data Protection Law and Non-discrimination Law in Group Profiling in the Private Sector.- Regulating Profiling in a Democratic Constitutional State.- Profiling and the Identity of the European Citizen.- Knowing Me, Knowing You – Profiling, Privacy and the Public Interest.- Concise Conclusions: Citizens out of Control.