Adam Smith 
The Theory of Moral Sentiments 

The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith   is a 1759 book by Adam Smith. It provided the ethical,  philosophical,  psychological, and methodological underpinnings to Smith’s later works, including 
The Wealth of Nations (1776),  
Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795), and 
Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue, and Arms (1763) (first published in 1896).



According to Smith people have a natural tendency to care about the well-being of others for no other reason than the pleasure one gets from seeing them happy. He calls this sympathy, defining it ‘our fellow-feeling with any passion whatsoever’ (p. 5). He argues that this occurs under either of two conditions:

• We see firsthand the fortune or misfortune of another person


• The fortune or misfortune is vividly depicted to us

Although this is apparently true, he follows to argue that this tendency lies even in ‘the greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society’ (p. 2).

Smith also proposes several variables that can moderate the extent of sympathy, noting that the 
situation that is the cause of the passion is a large determinant of our response:

• The vividness of the account of the condition of another person

An important point put forth by Smith is that the degree to which we sympathize, or ‘tremble and shudder at the thought of what he feels’, is proportional to the degree of vividness in our observation or the description of the event.

• Knowledge of the causes of the emotions

When observing the anger of another person, for example, we are unlikely to sympathize with this person because we ‘are unacquainted with his provocation’ and as a result cannot imagine what it is like to feel what he feels.