Rattan Lal & David Kraybill 
Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture 
Climate Change and Sustainability in Agriculture

This 35-chapter book is based on several oral and poster presentations including both invited and contributory chapters. The book is thematically based on four pillars of sustainability, with focus on sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Environment, Economic, Social and Institutional. The environmental sustainability, which determines economic and social/institutional sustainability, refers to the rate of use of natural resources (soil, water, landscape, vegetation) which can be continued indefinitely without degrading their quality, productivity and ecosystem services for different ecoregions of SSA. This book will help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the U.N. in SSA. Therefore, the book is of interest to agriculturalists, economists, social scientists, policy makers, extension agents, and development/bilateral organizations. Basic principles explained in the book can be pertinent to all development organizations.

Table of Content

Foreword; Mary Hobbs


Foreword; Steve Slack


Foreword; J. Mark Erbaugh


Preface; Rattan Lal


Section I. Multi-Dimensional Sustainability


1. Environmental Sustainability; Rattan Lal


2. Economic Sustainability; David Kraybill


3. Institutional Sustainability in the Face of Climate Change: Empirical Insights from Irrigation Institutions in Iringa Rural District, Tanzania; George C. Kajembe, Pål Vedeld, Innocent H. Babili, Dos Santos Silayo, and Devotha B. Mosha


4. Climate Change and Social Sustainability: A Case for Polycentric Sustainabilities; Louise Fortmann, Abraham Ndhlovu, Allyc Ndlovu, Rosina Philippe Atakapa-Ishak, Crystlyn Rodrigue and Ken Wilson


Section II. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources


5. Land degradation neutrality: Will Africa achieve it? Institutional solutions to land degradation and restoration in Africa; Luc Gnacadja and Liesl Wiese


6. Extent of salt affected soils and their effects in irrigated and lowland rain-fed rice growing areas of South Western Tanzania; S. Kashenge-Killenga, J. Meliyo, G. Urassa, and V. Kongo


7. Sustainability of intensification in smallholder maize production in Tanzania; Frank Brentrup, Joachim Lammel, Katharina Plassmann, and Dirk Schroeder


8. Potentials for Rehabilitating Degraded Land in Tanzania; G.Z. Nyamoga, B. Solberg, H. Sjølie, Y.M. Ngaga and R. Malimbwi


9. Economic aspects of genetic resources in addressing agricultural productivity in the context of climate change; Charles Nhemachena, Greenwell Matchaya, Sibusiso Nhlengethwa, Charity R Nhemachena


10. Soil and nutrient losses and the role of gender in land degradation in Southwestern Uganda; CL. Kizza, J.G.M. Majaliwa, R. Kunihira, G. Gabiri, A. Zizinga, E. Sebuliba, J. Nampijja, and M.M. Tenywa


11. The social dimension of water management in an era of increasing water scarcity; Zebedayo S.K. Mvena


Section III. Integrated Management of Natural Resources and Value Chains


12. Managing Landscapes for Environmental Sustainability; Rattan Lal


13. Economic Impact of Drip Irrigation regimes on Sorghum production in Semi Arid Areas of Tanzania; A.J. Mahinda, C.K.K. Gachene and M. Kilasara


14. Social Aspects of Water Governance in the Context of Climate Change and Agriculture; Richard Asaba Bagonza


15. Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Savi, L.) Production in Tanzania; Sixbert Kajumula Mourice, Siza Donald Tumbo and Cornell Lawrence Rweyemamu


16. Institutional water resources management and livelihood adaptation A case from Kilombero rural areas, Tanzania; Paul Vedeld Edgar Liheluka, Gimbage E. Mbeyale


17. Institutional aspects of genetic resources in respect of climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa; Denis T. Kyetere, Kayode Abiola Sanni


18. Crop adaptation to climate change in SSA: the role of genetic resources and seed systems; Ola Westengen and Trygve Berg


19. Updating legacy soil maps for climate resilient agriculture: A case of Kilombero Valley, Tanzania; Boniface H J Massawe, Brian K Slater, Sakthi K Subburayalu, Abel K Kaaya, Leigh Winowiecki


20. Measuring Agricultural Sustainability in Agroforestry Systems; P.K. Ramachandran Nair and Gregory G. Toth


21. Experiences with adopting the Catchment Approach in Sustainable Land Management: The case of Kagera TAMP Tanzania; Fidelis Kaihura and Stefan Schlingloff


22. Sustainable intensification in mixed crop-livestock agro-ecosystems in the face of climate change: The case for landscapes in Tanzania; F. Kizito; M. Bekunda; J. Kihara;A. Kimaro


23. Smart strategies for enhanced agricultural resilience and food security under a changing climate in sub-Saharan Africa; Kennedy Were, Aweke Mulualem Gelaw, Bal Ram Singh


Section IV. Outreach and Extension


24. Globalizing Environmental Susainabiltiy:”2015International Year of Soil” Transitioning to “2015-2024 International Decade of Soil”; Rattan Lal


25. From Ujamaa to Big Results Now: Sustainable Transformation of Tanzanian Agriculture in the Frame of Climate Change; Ruth Haug


Section V. Private Sector Solutions


26. Effect of improved plant nutrition on maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oriza sativa) grain chemical nutrient content under smallholder farming systems in Tanzania; Ephraim J. Mtengeti, Eva Mtengeti, Frank Brentrup, Lars Olav Eik, and Ramadhani Chambuya


27. Public-private partnership for sustainable production and marketing of goat milk in light of climate change; G. Msalya, H. Lie, V. Mfinanga, A. S. Ringheim, R. Sandvik, M. Åsli, O. A. Christopherse, A. Haug, D. E. Mushi, D. Mwaseba, G. C. Kifaro and L. O. Eik


28. Private Sector Actions to Enable Climate-Smart Agriculture in Small-Scale Farming in Tanzania; Sheryl Quail, Leah Onyango, John Recha, and James Kinyangi


29. The role of selected Agroforestry trees in Temperature Adaptation on Coffea arabica: A case study of Moshi District, Tanzania; Jacqueline Kajembe, Ignas Lupala, George Kajembe, Wilson Mugasha and Faraji Nuru


Section VI. Agricultural Risk, Insurance and Policy


30. Addressing Climate Change through Risk Mitigation: Welfare Implications of Index Insurance in Northeastern Tanzania; Jon Einar Flatnes, Michael R. Carter


31. Assessing the Economic Value of El Niño-based seasonal climate forecasts for smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe; Ephias M. Makaudze


Section VII. Agricultural Research for Sustainability


32. Kinds of Research: relationship with agricultural research for sustainability; Isaac J. Minde and Stephen A. Nyaki


33. Biological Inoculants for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in the Sub-Saharan Africa Smallholder Farming Systems; Masso C, Mukhongo RW, Thuita M, Abaidoo R, Ulzen J, Kariuki G, Kalumuna M


34. The Economics of Conservation Agriculture in Africa: Implications of Climate Change; Philip Grabowski and Steven Haggblade


35. Research and Development Priorities; Rattan Lal, David Kraybill, David O. Hansen, Bal Ram Singh and Lars O. Eik


Appendix; Rapporteur Summaries


List of Participants


Program

About the author

Rattan Lal, Ph.D., is a Distinguished University Professor of Soil Science and Director of the Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, and an Adjunct Professor of University of Iceland. His current research focus is on climate-resilient agriculture, soil carbon sequestration, sustainable intensification, enhancing use efficiency of agroecosystems, and sustainable management of soil resources of the tropics. He received honorary degree of Doctor of Science from Punjab Agricultural University (2001), the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas (2005), and Alecu Russo Balti State University, Moldova (2010). He was president of the World Association of the Soil and Water Conservation (1987-1990), the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (1988-91), the Soil Science Society of America (2005-2007), and is President Elect of International Union of Soil Science. He was a member of the Federal Advisory Committee on U.S. National Assessment of Climate Change-NCADAC (2010-2013), member of the SERDP Scientific Advisory Board of the US-DOE (2011-), Senior Science Advisor to the Global Soil Forum of Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany (2010-), member of the Advisory Board of Joint Program Initiative of Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change (FACCE-JPI) of the European Union (2013-), and Chair of the Advisory Board of Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and Resources of the United Nation University (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany (2014-2017). Prof. Lal was a lead author of IPCC (1998-2000). He has mentored 102 graduate students and 54 postdoctoral researchers, and hosted 140 visiting scholars. He has authored /co-authored 780 refereed journal articles, has written 19 and edited / co-edited 63 books. In 2015, Reuter Thomson listed him among the world’s most influential scientific minds and having citations of publications among top 1% of scientists in agricultural sciences.Bal Ram Singh is a professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB).  He earned his M.Sc. degree from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, and his Ph.D. degree from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India. His program focuses on bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals in the soil and plant system, fertility management and agricultural sustainability in soils of the tropics and on carbon sequestration in soils under different land uses. He has served as chair of the program board “Soils and Plants” of the Research Council of Norway and the Research and Higher Education Committee in the department. He was chair of the Cost Action FA0905 on” Mineral Improved Cop Production for Healthy Food and Feed. Dr. Singh is a fellow of ASA and SSSA and a recipient of International SSSA award.Dr. David Kraybill currently serves as project director for the USAID-funded Innovative Agricultural Research Project in Tanzania.  His primary research interest is economic development. His work focuses on regional and spatial development processes that interact with markets and national government policies to determine the economic and social wellbeing of individuals, households, and communities. Dr. Kraybill’s recent research includes studies of household poverty, household savings, governmental decentralization, primary and secondary education, and adaptation to climate change. Fluent in French and a Swahili speaker, he has lived in Africa a total of five years, including a sabbatical year as Fulbright Scholar at Makerere University in Uganda. Kraybill has served as Associate Editor or member of editorial boards of seven academic journals. He has received research and advising awards at Ohio State, and received the International Award of Merit from the Gamma Sigma Delta honor society. He has been consultant advisor to World Bank, Rockefeller Foundation, Southeast Consortium for International Development, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and numerous governments and other organizations. He came to Ohio State in 1992.David Hansen is currently employed by The Ohio State University to oversee the International Agricultural Research Initiative (i AGRI) a major USAID-funded higher education partnership project in Tanzania. Prior to assuming his current responsibilities, he was a Senior Fellow with the Association for Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU), Washington, D.C. His responsibilities there included the Africa-U.S. Higher Education Initiative a which promoted partnerships among U.S. and African Higher Education Institutions to build capacity in Africa. Many of them focused on agriculture, climate change and related areas, such as water, range management and ecosystems services. He collaborates with USAID, World Bank, USDA, land-grant universities and NGO’s to help define the parameters of higher education capacity building within the context of the U.S. Government Feed the Future Initiative. He has dedicated his career to international development while at Ohio State University, having previously served as Associate Dean & Director of International Programs in Agriculture for over two decades. In this capacity he helped design and manage major institution building projects in Uganda, India, Swaziland, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. Early in his career he worked on long-term overseas assignments in Brazil where he served as Deputy Chief-of-Party and Chief-of-Party for institution building projects.Lars Olav Eik is a Professor at Noragric, Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway. After graduating from NMBU in 1982, he joined Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania working on dry season feeding of ruminants and introduction of dairy goat keeping in Tanzania. After this assignment, he returned to NMBU and completed his Ph D based on work with dairy goats in Norway. Since 2005, he has been the Norwegian coordinator for three major research programs in collaboration with SUA.  He has also participated in research projects in Ethiopia, Malawi and South Africa. Working together with farmers and private sector, his main interest is multifunctional and innovative production systems for small ruminants, both in tropical and temperate regions. At Zanzibar, he is currently involved in a value-chain research program aiming to link stallholder farmers with upmarket restaurants on the island. In Norway he works with sheep farmers and indeed together they have observed that Norwegian lambs slaughtered directly from the mountain pastures have a distinct flavor and fatty acid profile, features that may be used for marketing of Norwegian lamb both in Norway and abroad. He has supervised a number of Ph.D. students, particularly from East Africa.  At his home university he teaches small ruminant nutrition & production systems in temperate and tropical regions.Theodosy Msogoya is an Associate Professor in Horticulture and Plant Propagation in the Department of Crop Science and Production at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. He holds a Ph D in Applied Plant Biology from the University of Essex in England and a MSc. in Horticulture from the National Institute of Horticulture and Landscaping in France. He teaches ornamental crop production, controlled environment horticulture and plant propagation to undergraduate and graduate students. He has supervised over 20 graduate students and has published over 40 papers in areas of plant propagation and postharvest of perishable crops.  Currently, he is the Head of the Department of Crop Science and Production at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chairman of the Technical Committee of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables of Tanzania Bureau of Standards and Chairman of its Technical Committee of Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Msogoya is married with three children and lives in Morogoro town in Tanzania.