Sara Castiglioni & Ettore Zuccato 
Illicit Drugs in the Environment 
Occurrence, Analysis, and Fate using Mass Spectrometry

Illicit drugs are an emerging class of environmental contaminants and mass spectrometry is the technique of choice for their analysis. This landmark reference discusses the analytical techniques used to detect illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water, details how to estimate the levels of contaminants in the environment, and explores the behavior, fate, and toxic effects of this new class of contaminants, now a ubiquitous presence in wastewater and surface water. The book details how an estimate of illicit drug consumption in a given population can be developed from an analysis of the residues of illicit drugs in wastewater. An important resource for analytical chemists, environmental researchers, forensic scientists, biologists, and toxicologists.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

PREFACE.

CONTRIBUTORS.

I INTRODUCTION.

1 ILLICIT DRUGS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (Christian G.
Daughton).

II THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ILLICIT DRUGS.

2 METABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN HUMANS
(Manuela Melis, Sara Castiglioni, and Ettore Zuccato).

III MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ILLICIT DRUGS DETECTION AND
MEASUREMENT – CURRENT AND NOVEL ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS.

3 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN
WASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATERS (Renzo Bagnati and Enrico
Davoli).

4 WIDE-SCOPE SCREENING OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN URBAN WASTEWATER BY
UHPLC-QTOF MS (Félix Hernádez, Juan V. Sancho, and
Lubertus Bijlsma).

5 DETERMINATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE WATER CYCLE BY
LC-ORBITRAP MS (Pim de Voogt, Erik Emke, Rick Helmus,
Pavlos Panteliadis, and Jan A. van Leerdam).

IVA MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT: OCCURRENCE AND FATE IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE
WATER.

6 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER IN SPAIN
(Cristina Postigo, Miren López de Alda, and Damia
Barcelò).

7 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WASTEWATER AND SURFACE WATER IN
ITALY (Sara Castiglioni and Ettore Zuccato).

8 OCCURRENCE OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER AND WASTEWATER IN
THE UK (Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern).

9 ON THE FRONTIER: ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND THE OCCURRENCE OF
ILLICIT DRUGS INTO SURFACE WATERS IN THE UNITED STATES (Tammy
Jones-Lepp, David Alvarez, and Bommanna Loganathan).

10 MONITORING NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS IN SURFACE WATER IN NEBRASKA
(USA) (Shannon Bartelt-Hunt, and Daniel D. Snow).

IVB MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT: ILLICIT DRUGS IN DRINKING WATER.

11 PRESENCE AND REMOVAL OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN CONVENTIONAL
DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTS (Maria Huerta-Fontela, Maria
Teresa Galceran, and Francesc Ventura).

12 ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN WATER USING DIRECT-INJECTION
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY (Rebecca A.
Trenholm and Shane A. Snyder).

IVC MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT: PRESENCE IN AIR AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
MATTER.

13 PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES IN URBAN AIRBORNE PARTICULATES
(Angelo Cecinato and Catia Balducci).

V APPLICATIONS OF ILLICIT DRUG ANALYSIS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT.

14 ILLICIT DRUGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATION FOR
ECOTOXICOLOGY (Guido Domingo, Kristin Schirmer, Marcella
Bracale, and Francesco Pomati).

15 DRUG ADDICTION-POTENTIAL OF A NEW APPROACH TO
MONITORING DRUG CONSUMPTION (Norbert Frost).

16 ASSESSING ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION BY WASTEWATER ANALYSIS:
HISTORY, POTENTIAL, AND LIMITATION OF A NOVEL APPROACH (Ettore
Zuccato and Sara Castiglioni).

17 COCAINE AND METABOLITES IN WASTEWATER AS A TOOL TO CALCULATE
LOCAL AND NATIONAL COCAINE CONSUMPTION PREVALENCE IN BELGIUM
(Alexander L.N. van Nuijs, Lieven Bervoets, Philippe G. Jorens,
Ronny Blust, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci).

18 MEASUREMENT OF ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION IN SMALL POPULATIONS:
PROGNOSIS FOR NONINVASIVE DRUG TESTING OF STUDENT POPULATIONS
(Deepika Panawennage, Sara Castiglioni, Ettore Zuccato, Enrico
Davoli, and M. Paul Chiarelli).

VI CONCLUSIONS.

19 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES (Roberto
Fanelli).

INDEX.

Über den Autor

SARA CASTIGLIONI obtained her Ph D from the Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research in Milan, Italy, for her
work on a project entitled ‚Occurrence, behaviour and effects of
pharmaceuticals for human and veterinary use in aquatic
ecosystems.‘ She is author of twenty publications that deal with
drugs in the environment.

ETTORE ZUCCATO obtained his postdoctoral degree in human
nutrition in 1999 from Milan Medical School and, in 2005, became
Head of the Laboratory of Food Toxicology. His current research
areas include food safety, the study of dietary chemical
contaminants, and other emerging issues in food toxicology.

Dr. ROBERTO FANELLI serves as Head of the
Environmental Health Sciences Department at the Mario Negri
Institute for Pharmacological Research, where he employs analytical
methods based on mass spectrometry to identify and measure
biomarkers in toxicology and environmental pollutants, including
therapeutic and illicit drugs.