Aiden Hopkins 
Electromotive Forces 

The word "force" in this case is not used to mean mechanical force, measured in newtons, but a potential, or energy per unit of charge, measured in volts. In electromagnetic induction, Electro-Motive force (emf) can be defined around a closed loop as the electromagnetic work that would be done on a charge, if it travels once around that loop. For a time-varying magnetic flux linking a loop, the electric potential scalar field is not defined due to circulating electric vector field, but nevertheless an emf does work, that can be measured as a virtual electric potential around that loop. The electromotive force EMF of a source of electric potential energy is defined as the amount of electric energy per Coulomb of positive charge as the charge passes through the source from low potential to high potential. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. Author believes that this book is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.