Anton Powell & Anton Powell 
Xenophon and Sparta 

Xenophon has for long, and understandably, enjoyed a privileged position as a reliable source on Sparta. Commander of a grand military expedition of Sparta’s devising, and a dependent of Sparta’s influential king Agesilaos, Xenophon knew Sparta from the inside, and – as himself an Athenian in exile – was well placed to comment on Sparta’s difference. The simplicity of his Greek style has a perfume of honesty. And yet… Recent research has with increasing force called into doubt Xenophon’s motives and truthfulness – especially as regards Sparta. Analysis of his Hellenica reveals much evasion and euphemism about Sparta’s failings – complicated by occasional outbursts against the iniquity of Spartan imperialism. His euphemistic Constitution of the Lakedaimonians (itself containing such an outburst), and his near-hagiography of the dead Agesilaos, have variously evoked trust and suspicion in historians. This book, by a distinguished team of specialists in Spartan history, is the first of a short series from CPW, approaching Spartan reality by way of close analysis of our main contemporary Greek sources: their access, their biases, the literary structure and the genre of their works.