Christopher O’Toole 
Bees 
A Natural History

The vital role of bees in human ecology is underlined by the estimate that every third mouthful of human food is dependent on the pollinating services of bees. Only recently have biologists discovered that human survival is inextricably linked to the survival of insects, specifically, bees. Today the 16-20, 000 species of bee continue to play vital roles in human ecology. We survive only by grace of the life-sustaining network of bee-plant relationships. Bees immerses readers in the world of a group of insects whose diversity of form and behavior is eloquent testimony to the fine-tuning of natural selection. Written by a world-leading entomologist and specialist in bees, the book’s topics include: What are bees? (The Wasp Inheritance) – Bees as foragers, their nesting instinct, on-board computing facility,
sun-compass orientation and sense of time The many ways of being a bee — Solitary versus social, Miners and masons, Leafcutters and carpenters Bees and flowering plants The male of the species — Mating strategies, patrols, competition, territoriality, the role of scent The enemies of bees — Cleptoparasites, cuckoo bees Bees and People — historic and contemporary Bees in Folk and Modern Medicine The Conservation of Bees — the decline of bees and honeybees, bees in human ecology, bee conservation, urban bees Bee projects — the backyard bee scientist. Bees can be found throughout history in roles poetic and military, in medicine and agriculture, in the kitchen and in the kit of a traditional healer. They have played a bigger role in human
existence than is often recognized. This beautifully illustrated, appreciative tribute will be welcomed by entomologists, students and all naturalist readers.

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Table of Contents Introduction What are Bees? 1 The Wasp Inheritance 2 The Business of Being a Bee The Many Ways of Being a Bee 3 Solitary Bees 4 Social Bees 5 The Male of the Species Bees and Flowering Plants 6 The Pollination Market 7 Squash Bees and Other Pollen Specialists 8 Bees and Orchids Bees and Other Animals 9 The Enemies of Bees 10 The Conservation and Management of Bees 11 Bees and People 12 Bees in Folklore 13 Bees in Folk and Modern Medicine 14 Bee Projects: Becoming a Backyard Bee Scientist Appendix 1: Suppliers of products for bee
projects Appendix 2: Bee-related web sites Further reading and selected references by chapter Acknowledgments Index

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Christopher O’Toole