John Ruskin 
Val d’Arno 
Ten Lectures on the Tuscan Art Directly Antecedent to the Florentine Year of Victories; Given Before the University of Oxford in Michaelmas Term, 1873

In ‘Val d’Arno’, John Ruskin delivers ten lectures on Italian art and architecture. He discusses the works of Nicholas and John the Pisan, as well as topics like the symbolism of shields and aprons, the importance of the Tyrrhenian Sea, and the significance of the fleur de lys. Ruskin’s insights into the beauty and meaning of these works will inspire art lovers and historians alike.