Herbert A. Giles 
Confucianism and Its Rivals 

‘Confucianism and Its Rivals’ by Herbert A. Giles offers a comprehensive exploration of the rich tapestry of Chinese religions, spanning the dominance of Confucianism and Taoism to the historical role of Northern Buddhism. As China’s state religion, Confucianism evolved, shedding metaphysical aspects to become the dominant spiritual force until the 20th century. Giles, a seasoned British diplomat and renowned sinologist, provides a detailed historical account of Chinese religion, originally delivered as the Hibbert lectures in 1914.

From the indigenous expressions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam to the profound impact of Confucianism and Taoism, Giles navigates the complex religious landscape of China. This scholarly work not only reflects Giles’ expertise but also serves as a valuable resource for those seeking a nuanced understanding of Chinese religious history, making it an essential read for scholars and enthusiasts alike.