Charles Darwin 
The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms 
With Observations on Their Habits

Charles Darwin’s final scientific book, ‘The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms’, explores the habits and ecology of earthworms and their role in soil bioturbation. Published shortly before Darwin’s death, the book highlights the gradual changes over long periods of time that can lead to surprising consequences. While not using the term soil bioturbation, Darwin’s work was the first significant study on the topic.