Eleanor H Bennington 
Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 13 

Renal dysfunction is an extensively recognized threat for mortality in patients with acute heart disorders. Chapter one, written by Aida Hamzic-Mehmedbasic, Damir Rebic, and Neira Basic-Hamzic, discusses how earlier detection of CRS type 1 by renal and cardiac biomarkers theoretically leads to improved outcomes in patients with acute heart disorders. In chapter two, Andreas Eisenreich, Ulrike Leppert, Torsten Thiel and Nicole Ebner analyze the most recent discoveries concerning the role of metformin in cardiovascular/renal pathologies while simultaneously discussing the therapeutic potential of metformin in the treatment of patients with diabetes-associated cardiovascular/renal diseases. Helen Senderovich, Justin Chow and Shaira Wignarajah present a case study regarding end-of-life care in advanced congestive heart failure in chapter three, discussing symptom management and patients’ feelings in chapter three. In chapter four, Qin Qin, Jianqing Li, Li Zhang, and Chengyu Liu discuss methodology for abnormal heartbeat recognition and classification. Next, Zhipeng Cai, Jianqing Li, Kan Luo, Bo Duan, Yuting Xie and Chengyu Liu present a study in chapter five wherein the effects of electrode material and size on the skin-electrode impedance were investigated, in addition to the influence of thickness of the filled sponge and environmental factors. Chapter six, by Kohichiro Iwasaki, presents another study wherein 300 patients without known coronary artery disease underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography, studying calcium scores of and the relationship amongst them. Following this, chapter seven provides a review of etiopathogenetic mechanisms of cochlear endothelial dysfunction and cochlear microvascular disease by V. Corazzi, A.Ciorba C. Bianchini, and C. Aimoni, ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy. Continuing, chapter eight presents an investigation done by Kristina Zubow, Anatolij Zubow, and Viktor Anatolievich Zubow on mechanism of the sugar influence in gelatin. They continue in chapter nine with an analyzation of the neutrino halo from a working human heart.