A. Quiroga 
Making Spaniards 
Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923-30

The regime of Primo de Rivera in Spain was one of the major dictatorships of the interwar period. Making Spaniards examines how the military regime created nationalist doctrine, rituals and symbols and how these were transmitted throughout Spanish society in an attempt to ‘make’ new authoritarian Spaniards and halt democratic reform.

Table of Content

List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction The Roots of National-Catholicism The Military Directory (1923-1925): Discourse, Propaganda and Repression The Civil Directory (1926-1930): National-Catholicism and the New State School of Patriots: The Army’s Indoctrination of Soldiers The Apostles of the Fatherland: The Army’s Nationalization of Civilians The Nationalization of Schools: Primary Education The Catholic Trap: Secondary Education and the Battle for Catalonia Somatén Nacional: Paramilitaries and Cheerleaders Unión Patriótica: The Official Party Conclusion: From Negative Integration to Negative Nationalization Notes Bibliography Index

About the author

ALEJANDRO QUIROGA is Lecturer in Spanish History at the School of Historical Studies, University of Newcastle, UK. He has previously taught at the London School of Economics and Political Science, King’s College London and Royal Holloway. He is the author of
Los orígenes del Nacionalcatolicismo (2006) and, with Sebastian Balfour,
The Reinvention of Spain. Nation, Identity and Nationalism since Democracy (2007).