Massimo Livi-Bacci 
Over Land and Sea 
Migration from Antiquity to the Present Day

Human history has always been marked by the mobility of people and populations, from the earliest movement of human beings out of Africa to the flows of migrants and refugees today. While mobility is intrinsic to human nature, migration is not always voluntary: it can be the result of free choice, but it can also be forced, in different ways and to varying degrees.

In this book, Massimo Livi-Bacci examines migrations past and present with reference to the degree of free choice behind them. The degree can be minimal, as when migration is compelled by war, natural disaster or the actions of a tyrant, but in other cases the decision to migrate can be fully voluntary and deliberate, as when individuals and groups weigh up their options and decide whether to move. Between these two poles there is a continuum of different situations, with gradually increasing or decreasing degrees of freedom and choice. Livi-Bacci explores these variations by focusing on fifteen stories of migration from Antiquity to the present day, ranging from the Greek colonization of the Eastern Mediterranean in the Ancient world to the great migration of millions of people from Europe to the Americas in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Taken together, these stories of human movement shed fresh light on the millennia-long history of migration and its motivations, causes and consequences.

Table of Content

List of Illustrations

Introduction

I. Antiquity

1.1. Seneca, two thousand years ago

1.2. Settlers and founders: ápoikoi and oikistés

1.3 Augustus’s Res gestae

1.4. Peoples on the march

II. In the Hands of the State

2.1. Forced migration

2.2. Peru: up and down the Andes

2.3. The end of an empire

2.4. The Soviet Union and its internal enemies

III. Misdeeds of Nature

3.1. Unkind nature

3.2. Drought

3.3. A Caribbean odyssey

3.4. Ireland: the blight of diaspora

IV. Organised Migration

4.1. On the road, not alone

4.2. The filles du roi in the laboratory of Nouvelle France

4.3. The Drang nach Osten and the Germanisation of Eastern Europe

4.4. From the Rhine to the Volga with Catherine the Great

V. Free Migration

5.1. A Rare Phenomenon

5.2. Moving freely

5.3. The Great Transoceanic Migration

5.4. America: the ‘advancing wave’ of migration

Reconsiderations

Notes

Index

About the author

Massimo Livi-Bacci is Emeritus Professor of Demography at the University of Florence.