Hiroto S. Watanabe 
Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 78 

This compilation begins by discussing the common pediatric brain tumors, their key oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways. An update on the clinical trials against druggable targets is also provided. An outline of the metabolizing pathways in cancer and the mode of action of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells is presented, also highlighting the roles of nanotechnology in energy-based cancer therapies. The authors review recent studies that characterize the specific mechanisms involved in mediating -tocotrienol reversal of epithelial-to mesenchymal transition in malignant breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of Mannich bases derived from kojic acid on A375 human malignant melanoma are discussed and MRC-5 human lung cell lines are investigated using a sulphorhodamine B assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects and mechanisms displayed by metformin are assessed, alone or in combination with other agents. A better understanding of metformin-induced metabolic changes could aid in the discovery of new drugs, enhancing the efficacy of current melanoma therapeutics. In closing, the authors explore the way in which physical activity and exercise are negatively correlated to most type of cancers, as exercise shares common underlying metabolic pathways with those of some bioactive food compounds, such as polyphenols.