Toyoki Kozai & Eri Hayashi 
Advances in plant factories 
New technologies in indoor vertical farming

Part 1 Introduction: backgrounds, concept and methodology of sustainable PFALs

• 1. Characteristics, potential and challenges of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs): Introduction: Toyoki Kozai and Eri Hayashi, Japan Plant Factory Association, Japan;


• 2. Requirements and features of cultivation system modules in advanced plant factories with artificial lighting: Toyoki Kozai and Eri Hayashi, Japan Plant Factory Association, Japan;


• 3. Research and technology in plant factories with artificial lighting: past, present and future: Ying Liu, Paul Kusuma and Leo F. M. Marcelis, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands;

Part 2 Energy and other resource performance

• 4. Life cycle assessment of indoor vertical farms: Michael Martin, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; and Francesco Orsini, University of Bologna, Italy;


• 5. Reducing carbon emissions from plant factories with artificial lighting: Toyoki Kozai, Japan Plant Factory Association, Japan;


• 6. Optimizing energy and other resource use in vertical farms: Francesco Orsini, Laura Carotti, Mohammad Kazem Souri, Giuseppina Pennisi and Giorgio Gianquinto, University of Bologna, Italy;


• 7. Energy consumption in plant factories with artificial lighting: concepts and pathways toward a sustainable future: Michael Eaton and Neil Mattson, Cornell University, USA;


• 8. Closed plant production systems in vertical farms for a circular economy: Yoshiaki Kitaya, Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan;

Part 3 Phenotyping

• 9. Application of machine vision in plant factories: Wei Ma and Zhiwei Tian, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China;


• 10. Plant phenotyping of individual plants towards optimal environmental control in plant factories: Eri Hayashi, Japan Plant Factory Association, Japan;

Part 4 Spectral manipulations for controlling the growth and quality of leafy greens

• 11. Growth and quality of lettuce in vertical farms as affected by red:blue and red:far-red ratios: Wenqing Jin, Wageningen University & Research and Priva B.V., The Netherlands; and Hua Li, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands;


• 12. Spectral manipulations to control growth and quality of lettuce and other leafy greens in vertical farms: Yuxin Tong, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China;


• 13. Adjusting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) to improve the quality of leafy vegetables in vertical farms: Qianxixi Min, Leo F. M. Marcelis and Ernst J. Woltering, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands;

Part 5 Spectral manipulations for controlling the growth and quality of ornamentals, fruit vegetables and herbs

• 14. Effect of far-red light on improving yields of tomatoes produced in vertical farms: Yongran Ji and Michele Butturini, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands;


• 15. Growth and nutritional contents of medicinal plants and herbs as affected by light and root zone environments in plant factories with artificial lighting: Na Lu, Wenshuo Xu and Duyen T. P. Nguyen, Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, Japan;

Part 6 Business case studies

• 16. Lessons learned from operational and shuttered vertical plant farms: Francis Baumont De Oliveira, University of Liverpool, UK; and Ronald Dyer, University of Sheffield, UK;


• 17. Design and management of globally-networked plant factories: commercial application and future opportunities: Viviana Correa Galvis, Pádraic J. Flood and Pavlos Kalaitzoglou, Infarm – Indoor Urban Farming B.V., The Netherlands;


• 18. Oishii Farm: gaining the leading edge in the plant factory business and looking ahead: Hiroki Koga and Kenzo Uchigasaki, Oishii Farm, USA;


• 19. Data-driven operations for a productive and sustainable plant factory: Katashi Kai and Morio Okabe, Shinnippou Ltd, Japan;


• 20. Design and management of industrial‑scale vertical farms: Intelligent Growth Solutions (IGS): Gonçalo Neves, Andrew Lloyd, Niall Skinner, Douglas Elder, Dave Scott, Niels Kortstee, Emily Seward, Csaba Hornyik, Alexander Keel-Dwyer and Lawrence Ross, Intelligent Growth Solutions (IGS), UK;

Part 7 Concluding remarks

• 21. Plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs): Concluding remarks: Eri Hayashi and Toyoki Kozai, Japan Plant Factory Association, Japan;