Jacob Burckhardt 
Judgments on History and Historians 

Renowned for his Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy and Reflections on History, Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897) has well been described as ‘the most civilized historian of the nineteenth century.’ Judgments on History and Historians consists of records collected by Emil Durr from Burckhardt’s lecture notes for history courses at the University of Basel from 1865 to 1885. The 149 brief sections span five eras: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, History from 1450 to 1598, the History of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, and the Age of Revolution.